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Clause Types – Quiz 1
Clause Types Quiz 1 (30 MCQs)
This content evaluates the understanding of clause types in English grammar, including identifying independent and dependent clauses, recognizing different types such as adverb clauses, relative clauses, and noun clauses. It also assesses skills like analyzing sentence structure and identifying conditional modifiers.
Quiz Instructions
Select an option to see the correct answer instantly.
1.
What type of clause is used in the sentence: "Wherever you go, I will follow" ?
A) Adjective Clause.
B) Independent Clause.
C) Noun Clause.
D) Adverb Clause.
Show Answer
Explanations:
An adverb clause is used to modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb in the sentence and often begins with words such as wherever, whenever, although, because, etc. In "Wherever you go, I will follow," the clause "wherever you go" modifies the verb "follow." It indicates the condition under which the action of following will occur.
Option Analysis:
Option A:
Adjective Clause - Incorrect; an adjective clause modifies a noun or pronoun, not a verb.
Option B:
Independent Clause - Incorrect; an independent clause can stand alone as a sentence and does not modify another part of the sentence.
Option C:
Noun Clause - Incorrect; a noun clause functions as a noun and answers questions like what, which, or who, not modifying verbs or other clauses.
Option D:
Adverb Clause - Correct; this clause modifies the verb "follow" by indicating where the action will take place.
2.
"Which could make it harder to adapt in the future."
A) Relative clause.
B) Dependent clause.
C) Compound sentence.
D) Independent clause.
Show Answer
Explanations:
Relative clauses provide additional information about a noun but can make it harder to adapt in the future because they often complicate sentence structure, making texts less clear and easier to misunderstand. This complexity can hinder quick comprehension and adaptation when dealing with new or rapidly changing information.
Option Analysis:
Option A:
Correct. Relative clauses add detail but may obscure meaning.
Option B:
Dependent clauses, while complex, are not as likely to hinder adaptability due to their necessity in forming complete thoughts.
Option C:
Compound sentences combine independent clauses and generally improve clarity over relative clauses.
Option D:
Independent clauses stand alone and provide clear, direct information without additional complexity.
3.
"Mastering Mikrotik gives TKJ students a real advantage when they enter the workforce."
A) Complex sentence.
B) Dependent clause.
C) Relative clause.
D) Independent clause.
Show Answer
Explanations:
An independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. It contains both a subject and a predicate, expressing a complete idea without needing additional information from other clauses.
Option Analysis:
Option A:
Complex sentences contain multiple independent or dependent clauses; this statement stands alone.
Option B:
Dependent clauses cannot stand alone as they lack a subject or predicate, making them incomplete thoughts. This sentence has both a subject and predicate.
Option C:
Relative clauses modify nouns but do not express a complete thought; this statement does so independently.
Option D:
Correct. The given statement is an independent clause as it expresses a complete idea with its own subject ("Mastering Mikrotik") and predicate ("gives TKJ students a real advantage").
4.
Leave the window open!
A) Affirmative.
B) Negative.
C) All the above.
D) None of the above.
Show Answer
Explanations:
The sentence "Leave the window open!" is an imperative clause, which gives a command or instruction. The correct answer A) Affirmative indicates that this is indeed a positive statement or request to perform an action (opening the window).
Option Analysis:
Option A:
Correct as it identifies the sentence as a positive imperative clause.
Option B:
Incorrect because the sentence does not contain a negative element.
Option C:
Incorrect since only one of the options is correct.
Option D:
Incorrect as there is a correct answer among the given options.
5.
The girls were best friends
A) Dependent clause.
B) Independent clause.
C) All the above.
D) None of the above.
Show Answer
Explanations:
The sentence "The girls were best friends" is an independent clause because it contains a subject ("The girls") and a predicate ("were best friends"), expressing a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence.
Option Analysis:
Option A:
Dependent clauses contain a subject and a dependent word (such as a subordinate conjunction) but do not express a complete thought. This option is incorrect.
Option B:
Independent clause, which expresses a complete thought with a subject and predicate. This option is correct.
Option C:
All the above would be true if both dependent and independent clauses were present, but only an independent clause exists here. This option is incorrect.
Option D:
None of the above is not applicable since Option B correctly identifies the clause type. This option is incorrect.
6.
If you want to go to the movies
A) Dependent clause.
B) Independent clause.
C) All the above.
D) None of the above.
Show Answer
Explanations:
A dependent clause is a group of words that includes a subject and a verb but cannot stand alone as a complete sentence because it lacks additional information needed to express a complete thought. "If you want to go to the movies" is an example of such a clause; it contains a subject ("you") and a verb ("want"), but it requires more context (such as what action will be taken if this desire is expressed) to form a complete sentence.
Option Analysis:
Option A:
Correct. The given phrase is indeed a dependent clause.
Option B:
Incorrect. This option suggests an independent clause, which can stand alone as a complete sentence.
Option C:
Incorrect. This option includes both correct and incorrect answers, making it invalid for this specific case.
Option D:
Incorrect. The given phrase is not an example of none of the above options.
7.
Which of the following sentences contains both an independent clause and a dependent clause?
A) Although it was raining, we went for a walk.
B) The sun is shining brightly.
C) She enjoys reading books.
D) He will call you tomorrow.
Show Answer
Explanations:
Sentence A, "Although it was raining, we went for a walk," contains both an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause is "Although it was raining," which cannot stand alone as a complete sentence but provides additional information. The independent clause is "we went for a walk," which can stand alone as a complete thought.
Option Analysis:
Option A:
Dependent clause: "Although it was raining"; Independent clause: "we went for a walk."
Option B:
Only an independent clause.
Option C:
Only an independent clause.
Option D:
Only an independent clause.
8.
What type of sentence has one independent clause and at least one dependent clause?
A) Compound sentence.
B) Simple sentence.
C) Complex sentence.
D) None of the above.
Show Answer
Explanations:
A complex sentence has one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. This matches the description given in the question, making option C correct.
Option Analysis:
Option A:
Compound sentences have two or more independent clauses, not fitting the definition.
Option B:
Simple sentences contain only one independent clause, which does not match the description.
Option C:
Correct. Complex sentences fit the given criteria of having one independent and at least one dependent clause.
Option D:
Not applicable as option C is correct.
9.
Choose the sentence that contains a noun clause.
A) I will call you when I arrive.
B) Whoever finishes first will win a prize.
C) The car that is parked outside is mine.
D) She ran as fast as she could.
Show Answer
Explanations:
A noun clause is a dependent clause that functions as a noun in the sentence, such as the subject, object, or complement. In option B, "Whoever finishes first will win a prize," the phrase "whoever finishes first" acts as the subject of the main clause.
Option Analysis:
Option A:
No noun clause present.
Option B:
Contains a noun clause: "Whoever finishes first."
Option C:
No noun clause present.
Option D:
No noun clause present.
10.
Choose the dependent clause below.
A) A pie that I bake is ready.
B) When I bake a pie.
C) I baked a pie.
D) Pie was baked by me.
Show Answer
Explanations:
A dependent clause is a group of words that includes a subject and a verb but cannot stand alone as a complete sentence because it lacks additional information needed to express a complete thought. In option B, "When I bake a pie," the clause contains a subject ("I") and a verb ("bake"), making it a dependent clause.
Option Analysis:
Option A:
This is an independent clause as it expresses a complete thought.
Option B:
Correct. Contains a subject and verb but cannot stand alone.
Option C:
This is an independent clause expressing a complete thought.
Option D:
This is an independent clause as it expresses a complete thought.
11.
Which sentence type has one independent clause and no dependent clauses?
A) Complex sentence.
B) Compound sentence.
C) Simple sentence.
D) None of the above.
Show Answer
Explanations:
A simple sentence has one independent clause and no dependent clauses. This matches the description in the question perfectly.
Option Analysis:
Option A:
Complex sentences contain at least one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses, so this is incorrect.
Option B:
Compound sentences consist of two or more independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction or a semicolon, making them incorrect for the given description.
Option C:
Simple sentence, which has one independent clause and no dependent clauses, is correct as per the question's description.
Option D:
This option would be chosen if none of the other options fit, but they do in this case, making it incorrect.
12.
"Students can develop a strong base."
A) Complex sentence.
B) Compound sentence.
C) Simple sentence.
D) Dependent clause.
Show Answer
Explanations:
A simple sentence consists of a single independent clause with a subject and predicate. "Students can develop a strong base" contains one subject ("students") and one verb phrase ("can develop a strong base"), making it an independent clause standing alone as a complete thought.
Option Analysis:
Option A:
Complex sentence involves multiple independent or dependent clauses joined by conjunctions. This is not the case here.
Option B:
Compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses joined together, which is not applicable in this instance.
Option C:
Correct. Simple sentence with one independent clause.
Option D:
Dependent clause lacks a subject or predicate and cannot stand alone as a complete thought. This sentence stands on its own.
13.
What is the definition of independent clause?
A) Does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.
B) Expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. Has both a subject and a verb.
C) All the above.
D) None of the above.
Show Answer
Explanations:
An independent clause is a grammatical unit that expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence, containing both a subject and a verb. This definition aligns with Option B.
Option Analysis:
Option A:
Incorrect; an independent clause does express a complete thought and can stand alone.
Option B:
Correct; it expresses a complete thought, stands alone as a sentence, and contains both a subject and a verb.
Option C:
Incorrect; Option A is not correct. Option B accurately defines an independent clause.
Option D:
Incorrect; at least one option (B) is correct.
14.
What are the four basic sentence types that involve clauses?
A) Simple, Compound, Complex, Compound-Complex.
B) Subject, Predicate, Object, Adjective.
C) Noun, Verb, Adjective, Grammar.
D) Simple, Declarative, Interrogative, Exclamatory.
Show Answer
Explanations:
The four basic sentence types that involve clauses are Simple, Compound, Complex, and Compound-Complex. These classifications help in understanding the structure of sentences based on their clause composition.
Option Analysis:
Option A:
Correct. This option accurately identifies the four main categories of sentences involving clauses.
Option B:
Incorrect. These are parts of a sentence, not types that involve clauses specifically.
Option C:
Incorrect. These are basic components of a sentence, not related to clause types.
Option D:
Incorrect. While these can be used in sentences involving clauses, they do not classify the types based on clause composition.
15.
What mark did he get in his exam?
A) Affirmative.
B) Negative.
C) All the above.
D) None of the above.
Show Answer
Explanations:
The question "What mark did he get in his exam?" is a wh-question seeking information about a specific fact (the mark obtained). An affirmative answer would be appropriate if the context provided such information, e.g., "He got 85 in his exam." Therefore, Option A) Affirmative is correct as it aligns with the nature of the question.
Option Analysis:
Option A:
Correct. The question seeks a specific piece of information that can be answered affirmatively if provided.
Option B:
Incorrect. The question is not seeking a negative response.
Option C:
Incorrect. The question does not require all options to be true or applicable.
Option D:
Incorrect. There is a correct option among the choices provided.
16.
A compound sentence must contain:
A) One independent clause and one dependent clause.
B) A subject and a verb in every phrase.
C) At least two independent clauses joined by a comma and a conjunction or a semicolon.
D) A dependent clause that modifies a verb.
Show Answer
Explanations:
A compound sentence is defined as a sentence that contains at least two independent clauses joined by a comma and a conjunction (such as "and," "but," "or") or a semicolon. This structure allows for the expression of multiple complete thoughts within a single sentence, enhancing complexity and detail.
Option Analysis:
Option A:
Incorrect. While it is true that compound sentences can contain both independent and dependent clauses, this option does not fully capture the definition of a compound sentence.
Option B:
Incorrect. This statement is too broad and does not specifically address the structure required for a compound sentence.
Option C:
Correct. Compound sentences are characterized by their inclusion of at least two independent clauses, which can be joined using conjunctions or semicolons to create a more complex and detailed expression of ideas.
Option D:
Incorrect. While dependent clauses play an important role in sentence structure, they are not necessary for the definition of a compound sentence.
17.
After the movie ends I will call you to pick me up.
A) After the movie ends, I will call you to pick me up.
B) After the move ends, I will call you, to pick me up.
C) After, the movie ends, I will call you to pick me up.
D) No comma needed.
Show Answer
Explanations:
Option A is correct because it properly uses a dependent clause ("After the movie ends") and an independent clause ("I will call you to pick me up"). The comma after "ends" is necessary to separate these two clauses, making the sentence grammatically correct.
Option Analysis:
Option A:
Correct. Proper use of a dependent clause followed by an independent clause with appropriate punctuation.
Option B:
Incorrect. Missing comma between clauses; "move" should be "movie."
Option C:
Incorrect. Unnecessary comma before the main verb "will call."
Option D:
Incorrect. Comma is needed to separate the two clauses.
18.
What type of clause is in the following sentence?:You can pick whichever one you like.
A) ADJ.
B) ADV.
C) N.
D) None of the above.
Show Answer
Explanations:
The sentence "You can pick whichever one you like." contains a
relative clause
. The relative pronoun "whichever" introduces the clause modifying "one". This type of clause is not a noun (N), but rather an adjective (ADJ) clause because it functions to describe or modify the noun phrase "one".
Option Analysis:
Option A:
ADJ - Correct. Relative clauses are adjective clauses.
Option B:
ADV - Incorrect. Adverbial clauses modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
Option C:
N - Incorrect. Noun clauses function as nouns within a sentence and do not describe other words.
Option D:
None of the above - Incorrect. ADJ is the correct classification for this clause type.
19.
In the sentence "I can't believe what happened at the meeting, " what type of clause is "what happened at the meeting" ?
A) Independent Clause.
B) Adverb Clause.
C) Adjective Clause.
D) Noun Clause.
Show Answer
Explanations:
The clause "what happened at the meeting" is a noun clause because it functions as the direct object of the verb "believe." Noun clauses can act as nouns within a sentence, serving roles such as subject or object just like proper nouns or pronouns.
Option Analysis:
Option A:
Independent Clause - This is incorrect. An independent clause can stand alone as a complete sentence and does not function as the direct object of another verb.
Option B:
Adverb Clause - This is incorrect. Adverb clauses modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, indicating time, place, reason, etc., but "what happened at the meeting" does not modify any word in this sentence.
Option C:
Adjective Clause - This is incorrect. Adjective clauses modify nouns or pronouns and begin with relative pronouns like who, which, that, but "what happened at the meeting" modifies the verb "believe," not a noun or pronoun.
Option D:
Noun Clause - This is correct because it functions as the direct object of the main clause's verb and can replace a noun in the sentence structure.
20.
Ever since I moved to Chicago, I've been feeling a bit blue.
A) Simple sentence.
B) Compound sentence.
C) Complex sentence.
D) None of the above.
Show Answer
Explanations:
A complex sentence contains an independent clause and at least one dependent clause. The given sentence "Ever since I moved to Chicago, I've been feeling a bit blue." includes both: the main clause "I've been feeling a bit blue" and the dependent clause "Ever since I moved to Chicago". This structure aligns with the definition of a complex sentence.
Option Analysis:
Option A:
Simple sentences contain only one independent clause.
Option B:
Compound sentences consist of two or more independent clauses joined by conjunctions, but not dependent clauses.
Option C:
Correct as explained above.
Option D:
Not applicable since the sentence fits the complex structure.
21.
After she was hit by the pitch
A) Phrase.
B) Independent clause.
C) Dependent (subordinate clause).
D) None of the above.
Show Answer
Explanations:
A dependent (subordinate) clause is a group of words that includes a subject and verb but cannot stand alone as a complete sentence because it lacks additional information needed to express a complete thought. "After she was hit by the pitch" contains a subject ("she") and a verb ("was hit"), but it does not express a complete thought on its own; therefore, it is classified as a dependent clause.
Option Analysis:
Option A:
Phrase - This option is incorrect because while "After she was hit by the pitch" contains more than just a single word, it lacks an independent subject and predicate to stand alone as a complete sentence.
Option B:
Independent clause - This option is incorrect because an independent clause can stand alone as a complete thought. The given phrase cannot do so on its own.
Option C:
Dependent (subordinate) clause - This option is correct for the reasons explained above.
Option D:
None of the above - This option is incorrect because Option C accurately describes the structure of the given phrase.
22.
What type of clause is this?until I get my project completed
A) Dependent.
B) Independent.
C) All the above.
D) None of the above.
Show Answer
Explanations:
A dependent clause is a group of words that includes a subject and a verb but cannot stand alone as a complete sentence because it lacks a main clause to provide context for the action or state described. The phrase "until I get my project completed" does not express a complete thought on its own; it requires an independent clause to form a full sentence, such as "I will not go out until I get my project completed." Therefore, this is a dependent clause.
Option Analysis:
Option A:
Correct. The phrase lacks a main verb and cannot stand alone.
Option B:
Incorrect. An independent clause can stand alone as a complete sentence.
Option C:
Incorrect. This option is not applicable since the given phrase is clearly dependent.
Option D:
Incorrect. The phrase fits into the category of a dependent clause.
23.
Subjunctive clue:in manibus faces tenebant ut horrea incenderent.
A) Explains why the main clause happened.
B) Question word.
C) Speaking verb.
D) Word showing extent.
E) Cum.
Show Answer
Explanations:
The subjunctive clause "in manibus faces tenebant ut horrea incenderent" is a dependent clause that explains the purpose or intention behind the action in the main clause. The word "ut" indicates that what follows is the purpose of the action described by "tenebant." This type of clause provides additional information about why something happened, making option A correct.
Option Analysis:
Option A:
Explains why the main clause happened.
Correct.
Option B:
Question word.
Incorrect.
Option C:
Speaking verb.
Incorrect.
Option D:
Word showing extent.
Incorrect.
Option E:
Cum.
Incorrect.
24.
What type of sentence is "I enjoy swimming, and my brother likes to run" ?
A) Complex.
B) Compound-Complex.
C) Compound.
D) Simple.
Show Answer
Explanations:
A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (such as "and") without any additional dependent clauses. In the given sentence, "I enjoy swimming" and "my brother likes to run" are both independent clauses connected by the coordinating conjunction "and."
Option Analysis:
Option A:
Complex sentences contain one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. This sentence does not have any dependent clauses.
Option B:
Compound-complex sentences include at least two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. This sentence lacks the dependent clauses required for a compound-complex structure.
Option C:
Correct. The sentence has two independent clauses joined by "and," making it a compound sentence.
Option D:
Simple sentences consist of only one independent clause, which is not the case here.
25.
The sentence, "I often eat fish in a restaurant with french fries, " contains a misplaced modifier. Which of the following is the modifier?
A) "often eat".
B) "I often eat fish".
C) "In a restaurant".
D) "with french fries".
Show Answer
Explanations:
The modifier "with french fries" is misplaced because it should directly modify the verb phrase "eat fish," indicating that the fish is often eaten with French fries, not just in a restaurant. This makes option D correct as it describes the issue of misplacement.
Option Analysis:
Option A:
Incorrect; "often eat" does not modify the entire sentence structure.
Option B:
Incorrect; "I often eat fish" is grammatically correct but still doesn't address the misplaced modifier issue.
Option C:
Incorrect; "In a restaurant" correctly modifies where the action takes place, not what is being eaten with French fries.
Option D:
Correct; "with french fries" should modify "eat fish," indicating it's often eaten with French fries.
26.
My sister, who usually dresses casually, looked extra fancy tonight.
A) ADJ.
B) ADV.
C) N.
D) None of the above.
Show Answer
Explanations:
The sentence "My sister, who usually dresses casually, looked extra fancy tonight." contains a relative clause modifying "sister". The adjective phrase "who usually dresses casually" describes the subject "sister", providing additional information about her usual appearance. Therefore, the correct answer is Option A) ADJ., as it refers to an adjective describing the noun.
Option Analysis:
Option A:
Correct. Describes a noun with an adjective.
Option B:
Incorrect. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, not nouns directly in this context.
Option C:
Incorrect. Nouns are the subject or object of sentences, not descriptors here.
Option D:
Incorrect. There is a correct answer among the options provided.
27.
The storm raged outside, but the family huddled together inside, safe and warm.
A) Compound clause.
B) Compound-complex clause.
C) Simple clause.
D) Complex clause.
Show Answer
Explanations:
A compound clause consists of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (such as "but"). In the given sentence, "The storm raged outside" and "the family huddled together inside, safe and warm" are both independent clauses. They can stand alone as separate sentences but are connected here with the coordinating conjunction "but."
Option Analysis:
Option A:
Correct. The sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction.
Option B:
Incorrect. A compound-complex clause requires at least one dependent clause in addition to the independent clauses.
Option C:
Incorrect. A simple clause has only one independent clause.
Option D:
Incorrect. A complex clause contains at least one dependent clause along with an independent clause, which is not the case here.
28.
What type of sentence is this?The yellow cat with black stripes and long whiskers
A) $D. Fragment$.
B) $B. Interrogative$.
C) $C. Imperative$.
D) $A. Declarative$.
Show Answer
Explanations:
This sentence is a fragment because it does not express a complete thought or contain a verb, making it incomplete as a standalone sentence.
Option Analysis:
Option A:
Fragment - Correct. It lacks a predicate and cannot stand alone as a complete sentence.
Option B:
Interrogative - Incorrect. This is not a question, so it's not interrogative.
Option C:
Imperative - Incorrect. An imperative sentence gives a command or makes a request, which this does not do.
Option D:
Declarative - Incorrect. While declarative sentences state facts, this lacks the structure to be considered complete and therefore is not a declarative sentence.
29.
"While Mikrotik is affordable, other platforms are also important."
A) Compound sentence.
B) Compound-complex sentence.
C) Simple sentence.
D) Complex sentence.
Show Answer
Explanations:
A complex sentence contains an independent clause and at least one dependent clause. The given sentence "While Mikrotik is affordable, other platforms are also important" includes two clauses: "Mikrotik is affordable" (independent) and "other platforms are also important" (dependent). This structure fits the definition of a complex sentence.
Option Analysis:
Option A:
Compound sentences contain multiple independent clauses without any dependent clauses.
Option B:
Compound-complex sentences have more than one independent clause and at least one dependent clause, which this sentence does not include.
Option C:
Simple sentences consist of a single independent clause with no dependent clauses.
Option D:
Correct as explained above.
30.
Jack runs fast, he walks fast, too.
A) Comma splice.
B) Perfect sentence.
C) Ugly sentence.
D) Fragment.
Show Answer
Explanations:
A comma splice occurs when two independent clauses are joined by a comma instead of appropriate punctuation such as a semicolon or conjunction. In the given sentence, "Jack runs fast" and "he walks fast, too" are both independent clauses that could be correctly connected with a coordinating conjunction (like "and") or a semicolon.
Option Analysis:
Option A:
Correct. The sentence uses a comma to join two independent clauses without proper punctuation.
Option B:
Incorrect. The sentence is not grammatically correct due to the improper use of a comma.
Option C:
Incorrect. While this might be subjective, it's not accurate based on standard grammar rules.
Option D:
Incorrect. The sentence has two independent clauses and thus cannot be classified as a fragment.
Frequently Asked Questions
What are clause types in English grammar?
Clause types in English grammar refer to the different roles and functions that clauses can play within a sentence. They include independent clauses, which can stand alone as complete sentences, and dependent clauses, which cannot stand alone but add information to an independent clause.
How do adverb clauses differ from other types of clauses?
Adverb clauses are used to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, providing information about time, place, manner, cause, condition, etc. They typically begin with subordinating conjunctions like 'when,' 'where,' 'because,' and 'although.'
What is the difference between a dependent clause and an independent clause?
A dependent clause, also known as a subordinate clause, contains both a subject and a predicate but cannot stand alone because it lacks a main verb or a complete thought. An independent clause, on the other hand, can stand alone as a sentence because it includes a main verb and expresses a complete thought.
Can you explain relative clauses in English grammar?
Relative clauses are dependent clauses that provide additional information about a noun. They begin with relative pronouns such as 'who,' 'which,' or 'that' and can be defining (providing essential information) or non-defining (adding extra, non-essential details).
What is a compound sentence in terms of clause types?
A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses joined by coordinating conjunctions such as 'and,' 'but,' 'or,' 'nor,' 'for,' 'so,' and 'yet.' Each clause can stand alone, contributing to the overall meaning of the sentence.